Guidelines for referencing

This page serves as a basic guide for authors to assist with the compilation of their reference list. The style/format of the referencing is a prerequisite for all articles published in Lexikos. It is the responsibility of the author(s) to ensure that their submission fully adheres to these guidelines.

General rules of referencing

In-text referencing:

  • Ensure all in-text citations have corresponding reference list entries, and vice versa.
  • In-text referencing follows the format (Surname Year: p). Note there is no comma after the surname, and there is a space between the colon and the page number.
    • Examples: (Svensen 1993: 37) (Tarp and Gouws 2004: 277) (Müller-Spitzer et al. 2018: 715)
  • Include page numbers for all in-text citations referring to sources with page numbers.
  • Use a hyphen (-) to indicate a page range, not an en dash (–).

In the reference list:

  • Sources not in any of the journal’s languages must be glossed in English.
  • The surname and initial(s) of each author must be in bold for all reference list entries.
  • Use a hyphen (-) to indicate a page range, not an en dash (–).

Examples

The examples provided below represent the most occurring types of sources cited in Lexikos. Please see the relevant section or example when citing a similar source. Any questions regarding referencing can be directed to the editorial team.

A reference list may be divided into different categories, e.g.

Dictionaries / Other literature

Printed dictionaries / Online dictionaries / Other literature

Writing assistants / Other literature

Dictionaries / Digital tools / Other literature

Reference examples:

Books:

[Surname, Initials. Year. Book title. Place: Publisher.]

[Surname1, Initials1 and Initials2, Surname2. Year. Book title. Place: Publisher.]

Atkins, B.T.S. and M. Rundell. 2008. The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.

Botha, W., P. Mavoungou and D. Nkomo (Eds.). 2013. Festschrift Rufus H. Gouws. Stellenbosch: SUN PReSS.

Tarp, S. 2008. Lexicography in the Borderland between Knowledge and Non-knowledge. General Lexico­graphical Theory with Particular Focus on Learner's Lexicography. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.

Articles/chapters in volumes or journals:

[Surname, Initials. Year. Article title. Journal name volume(issue no.): p-p.]

De Schryver, G.-M. 2003: Lexicographers' Dreams in the Electronic-Dictionary Age. International Journal of Lexicography 16(2): 143-199.

Hanks, P. 2013. Lexicography from Earliest Times to the Present. Allan, K. (Ed.). 2013. The Oxford Hand­book of the History of Linguistics: 503-536. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Klosa, A. and R.H. Gouws. 2015. Outer Features in e-Dictionaries. Lexicographica 31: 142-172.

Rundell, M. and A. Kilgarriff. 2011. Automating the Creation of Dictionaries: Where Will It All End? Meunier, F., S. de Cock, G. Gilquin and M. Paquot (Eds.). A Taste for Corpora. In Honour of Sylviane Granger: 257-282. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Conference Papers:

Lew, R. 2002. Questionnaires in Dictionary Use Research: A Reexamination. Braasch, A. and C. Povlsen (Eds.). Proceedings of the Tenth EURALEX International Congress, Copenhagen, 13-17 August 2002: 267-271. Copenhagen: Center for Sprogteknologi.

Rundell, M. and B.T.S. Atkins. 2011. The DANTE Database: A User Guide. Kosem, Iztok and Karmen Kosem (Eds.). Electronic Lexicography in the 21st Century: New Applications for New Users. Proceedings of eLex 2011, Bled, 10-12 November 2011: 233-246. Ljubljana: Trojina, Institute for Applied Slovene Studies.

Electronic/online sources:

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/ [1 November 2019].

WordNet. http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn [1 February 2020].

Zarei, A.A. 2010. The Effect of Monolingual, Bilingual and Bilingualized Dictionaries on Vocabulary Comprehension and Production. ELT Weekly 54: 17-40. http://eltweekly. com/ELTWeekly_Issue_54.pdf

Theses/dissertations

De Kind, J. 2012. Taalvariatie in het Kikongo van Angola vanuit historisch perspectief: fonologie en morfologie. Unpublished M.A. Thesis . Ghent: Ghent University.

Morris, L. 2021. A model for a comprehensive electronic school dictionary for South African primary school. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.

Later editions:

Stathi, E. 2006. Greek Lexicography, Classical. Brown, K. (Ed.). 2006. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Vol. 5: 145-146. Second Edition. Oxford: Elsevier.

To appear:

Ndlovu, E. 2026. The reception of the dictionaries compiled by the University of Zimbabwe’s African Languages Research Institute (ALRI). (to appear)

Blogs:

Parker, Phil. 2013. Do You Know How Generation Z Pupils Learn? https://www.sec-ed.co.uk/blog/do-you-know-how-generation-z-pupils-learn/ [3 April 2020].