The Lexicographic Treatment of the Demonstrative Copulative in Sesotho sa Leboa — An Exercise in Multiple Cross-referencing

Abstract

Abstract: In this research article an in-depth investigation is presented of the lexicographictreatment of the demonstrative copulative (DC) in Sesotho sa Leboa. This one case study serves asan example to illustrate the so-called 'paradigmatic lemmatisation' of closed-class words in theAfrican languages. The need for such an approach follows a discussion, in Sections 1 and 2 respectively,of the present and missing directions in African-language metalexicography. A theoreticalconspectus of the DC in Sesotho sa Leboa is then offered in Section 3, while Section 4 examines thetreatment of the DC in the four existing desktop dictionaries for this language. The outcomes fromthe two latter sections are then used in Section 5, which analyses the problems of and options for asound lexicographic treatment of the DC in bilingual and monolingual dictionaries. The next twosections proceed with a review of the practical implementation of the DC lemmatisation suggestionsin PyaSsaL, i.e. the PukuntÅ¡utlhaloÅ¡i ya Sesotho sa Leboa 'Explanatory Sesotho sa Leboa Dictionary'— with Section 6 focussing on the hardcopy and Section 7 on the online version. In the process,the very first fully monolingual African-language dictionary on the Internet is introduced. Section8, finally, concludes briefly. Keywords: LEXICOGRAPHY, PARADIGMATIC LEMMATISATION, AFRICAN LANGUAGES,SESOTHO SA LEBOA (NORTHERN SOTHO, SEPEDI), DEMONSTRATIVE COPULATIVE,CROSS-REFERENCING, CORPUS, MONOLINGUAL DICTIONARY, BILINGUAL DICTIONARY, HARDCOPY, ONLINE, INTERNET, EXPLANATORY SESOTHO SA LEBOA DICTIONARY(PYASSAL), SIMULTANEOUS FEEDBACK (SF) Senaganwa: TokelotlhaloÅ¡o ya leÅ¡alaÅ¡upi-leba ka mo pukuntÅ¡ung ya Sesothosa Leboa — TiriÅ¡o ka go Å¡upana go gontÅ¡i. Ka go sengwalwana se sa nyakiÅ¡iÅ¡o,nyakiÅ¡iÅ¡o yeo e tseneletÅ¡ego e laetÅ¡wa ka ga go lokelwa le go hlaloÅ¡wa ga leÅ¡alaÅ¡upi-leba ka mopukuntÅ¡ung ya Sesotho sa Leboa. Thutwana ya mohuta wo ya nyakiÅ¡iÅ¡o e Å¡oma bjalo ka mohlalago laetÅ¡a seo se bitÅ¡wago 'tokelo ya mantÅ¡u ka lenaneo' (paradigmatic lemmatisation) ya mantÅ¡u alegoro leo le tswaletÅ¡wego ka go maleme a Afrika. Tlhokego ya nyakiÅ¡iÅ¡o ya mohuta wo e tla kamorago ga theriÅ¡ano ya ditaetÅ¡o tÅ¡a gonabjale le tÅ¡eo di sego gona ka go tlhamopukuntÅ¡u ya teoriya maleme a Afrika. Ditaba tÅ¡e di hlaloÅ¡wa ka go dikarolo 1 le 2. TlhaloÅ¡o ya teori ya leÅ¡alaÅ¡upilebaka go Sesotho sa Leboa e fiwa ka go karolo 3, mola karolo 4 e hlahloba tokelo le tlhaloÅ¡o yaleÅ¡alaÅ¡upi-leba ka go dipukuntÅ¡u tÅ¡e nne tÅ¡eo di lego gona mo polelong ye. Dipoelo tÅ¡a dikarolo 3le 4 di Å¡omiÅ¡wa karolong ya 5, yeo e sekasekago mathata le dikgonego tÅ¡a tokelotlhaloÅ¡o yaleÅ¡alaÅ¡upi-leba ka go dipukuntÅ¡u tÅ¡a polelopedi le tÅ¡a polelotee. Dikarolo tÅ¡e pedi tÅ¡eo di latelagodi tÅ¡wela pele ka tekolo tiriÅ¡ong ya dikakanyetÅ¡o tÅ¡a tÅ¡homiÅ¡o ya leÅ¡alaÅ¡upi-leba ka go PyaSsaL, elego PukuntÅ¡utlhaloÅ¡i ya Sesotho sa Leboa. Karolo 6 e lebane le taodiÅ¡wana ya pampiri mola karolo 7 elebane le taodiÅ¡wana ya Inthanete. Ka go dira bjalo, pukuntÅ¡u ya mathomothomo ya polelotee yamaleme a Afrika e tsebagatÅ¡wa mo Inthaneteng. Mafelelong karolo 8 e fa kakaretÅ¡o ka bokopana. MantÅ¡u a bohlokwa: TLHAMOPUKUNTÅ U, TOKELO YA MANTÅ U KA LENANEO,MALEME A AFRIKA, SESOTHO SA LEBOA, LEÅ ALAÅ UPI-LEBA, TÅ HUPANO, KHOPHASE,PUKUNTÅ U YA POLELOTEE, PUKUNTÅ U YA POLELOPEDI, PUKUNTÅ U YA PAMPIRI, KAGO INTHANETE, INTHANETE, PUKUNTÅ UTLHALOÅ I YA SESOTHO SA LEBOA (PYASSAL),SIMULTANEOUS FEEDBACK (SF)