Loanwords in Ciluba*

t study examines loanwords in Ciluba from both a phonological and a b t ct· The presen A s ra .. . t f view. Two large categories of loanwords can be distinguished: on the one h logical pOUl 0 1II0rp 0 h' h e entirely integrated and on the other hand more recent loanwords which L __ ..I those w Ie ar . . nu'" b r of their original phonological features. On the phonological level, loanwords In a large num e reta honemes such as [Rj and [gj, (2) increase the proportion of low tones, and (3) (1) Introd uee new p binations of phonemes (e.g. in the sequence C,C,V, in which consonants C, and intrOduce new com t· I a nasal and a semivowel, loanwords allow the presence of any consonant). On Cw are respec Ive y . h I 'cal level one notices the appearance not only of forms whose plural IS no longer the morp 0 ogl , bl b t also of forms whose plural can be realized in different classes. This phenomenon predlcta e, U . . . . hIIlmportant implications in lexicography. As a matter of fact, It IS no longer possible to mention a LubA dictionary only the singular form and let the reader infer the plural. For nouns the In t f "gender" must therefore be introduced. Gender is defined as a pair of classes whose left concep 0 and right poles which generally represent the singular and the plural respectively, are chosen in ... latlon to the syntactic concords for the different class affixes (nominal, pronominal, verbal ~nd object prefixes; enclitics), the possessive and the demonstratives, and no longer only in relation to the nominal prefix. Thus, the gender of a noun appears to playa fundamental role in the macro.tructure of a noun lemma. Finally, the study of the processes which are intuitively applied by the .pelkers to integrate foreign words will be a useful source of stimulation for the coinage of neolopma.

b r of their original phonological features.On the phonological level, loanwords In a large num e reta honemes such as [Rj and [gj,(2) increase the proportion of low tones, and (3) ( 1) Introd uee new p b inations of phonemes (e.g. in the sequence C,C,V, in which consonants C, and intrOduce new com t • I a nasal and a semivowel, loanwords allow the presence of any consonant).On Cw are respec Ive y .h I 'cal level one notices the appearance not only of forms whose plural IS no longer the morp 0 ogl , bl b t also of forms whose plural can be realized in different classes.This phenomenon predlcta e, U . .
hIIlmportant implications in lexicography.As a matter of fact, It IS no longer possible to mention a LubA dictionary only the singular form and let the reader infer the plural.For nouns the In t f "gender" must therefore be introduced.Gender is defined as a pair of classes whose left concep 0 and right poles which generally represent the singular and the plural respectively, are chosen in ... latlon to the syntactic concords for the different class affixes (nominal, pronominal, verbal ~nd object prefixes; enclitics), the possessive and the demonstratives, and no longer only in relation to the nominal prefix.Thus, the gender of a noun appears to playa fundamental role in the macro-.tructure of a noun lemma.Finally, the study of the processes which are intuitively applied by the .pelkers to integrate foreign words will be a useful source of stimulation for the coinage of neolo-Introduction Gr:Greek H: high tone Kswa: Kiswahili L: low tone Lat: Latin M: middle tone N: nasal np: nominal prefix npq: np used in qualificatives (adjectives, ordinals 1-6 and past participles) oc: object concord pe: pronominal enclitics pi: plural po: possessive morpheme (~+ affix except in cl1) pp: pronominal pronoun 'pp: pronominal prefix with L and floating tone Port: Portuguese R: rising tone sc: subject concord sing: singular V: vowel made up from the existing lexical stock of the language or invented as entirely new creations, as for example, certain names for products are (kodak, etc.)" (Robins 1975: 324).Words sometimes travel a long way from one language to another, passing through other languages.For example, Ciluba has a few words from Arabic, although it was never exposed to the direct influence of this language.Other languages have indeed served as "carriers", e.g.Kiswahili in the case of Arab words.The aim of this article is not to discuss this issue and trace the history of the loanwords, although such a study would certainly be of great interest for the cultural history of the Baluba.The source languages mentioned in the examples are therefore just meant to show the foreign origin of the words, and not necessarily their original forms.Furthermore, there is a fair amount of loanwords in the field of Christian religion which have different forms according to whether they were introduced by Protestant or Catholic missionaries.As a rule, "Protestant" loans are closer to Luba phonology than "Catholic" ones and will therefore preferably be referred to.
To study borrowing implies answering at least the follOWing questions: What is borrowed and how does it happen?Who borrows?Why and when does one borrow?The answers to the first two questions are of a linguistic nature, whereas the answers to the others are sociolinguistic.The data at our disposal allow us to focus only on the linguistic questions.
Analyzing current conversations with different social groups as.well as written materiaI/ we noticed that besides inter-or intrasentencial code-switching, loanwords are used extensively.A list of about 600 loanwords was drawn up.This list is insignificant compared to the whole Luba lexicon, but, interestingly enough, it belongs to everyday vocabulary7 which generally does not exceed 3 000 words (the COBUILD English Dictionary 1995, e.g.uses a vocabulary of 2500 words to define all the lemmatized words).As is the case with other languages (cf.e.g.Bader and Mahadin 1996: 39), most of the words (over 90%) are nouns.s The remainder are verbs, adjectives (mostly used with a connective pronoun) and adverbs.There are a few phrases which are borrowed as one word.
All the words have been spelt uniformly, irrespective of their spelling in the source material.The following general conventions were used, some of which are explicated iit the paragraph on phonOlogy: Low tone:' Falling tone: A Rising tone: v High tone: not marked N always bears a diacritic when syllabic A long vowel is represented as W with the restrictions mentioned in 2.11°.

Phonology
2.1 There are five vowels (li/, lull fell /0/, /a/) which can be combined with vowel quantity and tone to yield ten forms for each vowel.For instance, the different forms for the vowel /il are as follows: fill fill /i:/, /i:/, /1:/, /i:/, /U, /i:/, /1:/, /!:/.l\In certain cases /il will freely alternate with /e/ and with /0/ (examples (l)(c)).In the pronu,nciation of many speakers, /e/ never occurs in this position.All these cases stress the preference of the language for low and high vowels, especially in word-final position.
(1) (a) mupande=mupanda torn (active past participle) diloolo=dilOblu evening (b) kwebeja:;e*kwebeje to ask mupanda:;e*mupande torn (passive past participle) tulu:;e*tulo sleep (c) kumwambilaye=kumwambilayl he told him mwoyo=mwoyi heart byobyo=byobi them The following rules are used for the representation of vowels and tones: 13 Because of these rules, the vowels in bold in the examples below are written only once although they are bimoraic: (2) kunanga to love, kukwata to catch, webe your(s), ya of 2° H's are not represented, being the most frequent.
3° The M, which is responsible for downdrift, is not distinctive.Being phonologically predictable, no special sign is used to represent it: (3) tatw~be your father, patwayi when we went are respectively pronounced: [--_] and [---](or [-/ -]), manayi games is pronounced: Loanwords which retain some of their original phonological features and are thus only partially nativized, as in the following examples, all from French.All these words are relatively recent, and it is unlikely that they will naturally undergo further nativization.Rather, many of the words which were fully nativized (mjwaIQnsa, ngaIQ, and so on), tend to be pronounced as in French.The older pronunciation, it seems, becomes associated with poor schooling.The different changes enumerated below are certainly the result of a greater familiarity with French if not through education, at least through the media.In these words the following phenomena are observed: 1 ° Nasal vowels and complex (namely falling) tones appear in word-final position:  In column 4, which lists the pe's (used in subject relatives, possessives and connectives), the following rule is applied: H# > L! {F,L}$ -#'pp: (26) bana # 'bilnayi > bana banayi bana # 'beeb~ > bana beebe mattinga #' aa luuya > matimga aa luuya

the children who have played3() your children warm countries
The tone of the pe's in column 8 is in contrast with the adjacent tone:

NetUwitoshepuiunau.
We'll bum it when it dries up.8° Since some genders (7/8, 11/4, 12/13 and 14/0) are possible with almost any noun by nominal derivation, only a selection of nouns (based on their frequency) belonging to them will be included in a basic dictionary.It goes without saying that among locatives, only locative nouns will be included (such as pambelu (outside), and not pa meesa (on the table) in which the locative is used prepositionally).Of course, the three locative nps will represent three different entries, as they can have a prepositional function.
Because of the proliferation of genders due to loanwords, a chart like Chart 2 is indispensable in any modem Luba dictionary.As a synopsis of all the concord possibilities, it allows the lexicographer to limit the metalinguistic information in the microstructure to a minimum.For example, the metalinguistic information provided by kangimba 1/2a or 12/13a is the following: the syntactic concords for this noun which designates a human being, occur in class 1 for the singular despite its np which belongs to class 12; its plural is in class 2 -with the secondary np baa+, which is added either to the singular or to the plu- ral noun: (40) kangimba mupyamupya uuvwU mumona the new singer you saw baakanglmba (or baatunglmba) bapyabapya bauvwa mumona the new singers you saw G der 12/13a, which is also possible for kangamba means that this word can len behave like any word of class 12, irrespective of its human content, which :~~ld require the use of class 1 npq, 'pp, cc, sc, oc, pe, po, ad, ddl and dd2 as in example (40).Thus: (41) kanglmba kapyakapya kadi klmba bimpe the singer sings well tunglmba tupyarupya rudi twlmba bimpe the new singers sing well The genders of the loanword k1iarce inform the reader, e.g. that one can say: (42) kaarce mipyamlpya, maakaarce mapyamapya or ruu.rce tupyarupya

new town areas
It is obvious that accurate gender indication provides a lot of useful information in a very condensed way.Frequency counts based on a much larger corpus will allow us to know which genders are used most when a noun belongs to more than one gender.

Conclusion
Words are borrowed not only because they come with new concepts, but also because they accompany new habits.In addition, shorter words are adopted more easily.Borrowing does not necessarily mean that the borrowing language lacks equivalent words or fails to coin them.Sociolinguistic reasons, such as prestige offen intervene to favour foreign words.For instance, the French words for the numbers or for the months are preferred, although equivalents do exist in Ciluba.Words for technical objects or the metalanguage for specialized disciplines such as technology, linguistics, philosophy, economy, politics, etc. are most often borrowed from French.The case of Ciluba also illustrates that languages need not be in direct contact for words to circulate among them.Phonologically, the pronunciation practices of the Baluba are undergoing changes due to prolonged exposure to French.As loanwords are being integrated into Ciluba, new phonemes ([R], [g], [re]) and new combinations of phonemes are being incorporated.
The new Luba morphology is characterized by the appearance of new genders.This change will influence the way meta linguistic information is presented in a dictionary.While with genuine Luba nouns it was sufficient to men-tion the singular form of a noun, the plural being automatically deduced, with loanwords it becomes necessary to mention the gender, i.e. the classes in which both the singular and plural forms concord, as this is no longer easily predictable.Furthermore, the following general tendencies are noticeable: fairly general use of classes 6 or 4 to mark the plural of inanimate objects, irrespective of the singular prefix; appearance of bimoraic primary nps sometimes with Ls; use of an np in the singular, but not in the plural; and extended use of the same np for both the singular and the plural.
There are often different forms of loanwords, assimilated and unassimilated, often depending on the speaker's attitude or background (e.g.mfwalanga/mfolanga/mfranga money; ngdlii/gdre, kAre station).35 No attempt has been made in this article to explain the existence of a series of words related to food, for which one might expect a foreign origin.Most of them are words for New World crops which were introduced in Central Africa by the Portuguese since the 15th century, such as cy6mbe (cassava), mwenga (sugar-cane), dyamvwa or ditalil (maize), cllunga (sweet potato), kambelii (peanut)~ cikakil (pineapple), ndungU or kaclpi (bird chilli).In earlier centuries some other crops reached Central Africa across the Sahara or the Indian Ocean from the Middle East or Southeast Asia, such as cimena (yam), lukUnda (bean), lunyimu (pea), ditabillil (taro) and cibOta (banana).36Both phonologically and morphologically, these words are perfect Luba words.One can hypothesize that over a few centuries the foreign words (whose sources remain unknown) were completely assimilated or that either new names were coined for the new products, or that some transfer of meaning took place from similar original crops to new ones.Proto-Bantu reconstructions have been proposed for banana, sugarcane, peanue 7 and maize, but except for dikonde (big banana), the Luba forms are not related to any of the reconstructions.
A good understanding of ~e structure of loanwords will facilitate the task of coining neologisms through borrowing.

2.
The term Ciluba refers to the language spoken by the BaiubA and the LuluwA or Beena-Luluw~, while Lub~ is the corresponding adjective.CilubA which is classified by Guthrie (1971: 54) as L31, is related to Kisongye L23 (Congo), Kanyok L32 (Congo), KilubA L33 (Congo) and Kaonde Ul (Zambia).CilubA and Kiswahili are the main subjects in the Department of African Languages and Cultures of the University of Ghent (Belgium).

3.
While French (spoken by barely 10% of the population) is the official language, there exists no legal text bestowing on the four African languages the status of national languages which they enjoyed before independence in 1960.The role of the African languages in the education system has even been restricted to the first two years of primary school, instead of six as in colonial times.Curiously enough, it is during the "authenticity" campaign in 1972 that the role of French has particularly been reinforced.At that time, all the magazines in African languages were suppressed (Ngalasso 1986: 16-20) and a lot of words adapted to French use 57 (e.g.septante became soi%llnte-dix, etc.).This did not prevent the African languages from being used intensively for daily communication and, with the collapse of the education system, the expected improvement of competence in French does not seem to have been achieved.It is however true that the exposure to French has been stronger than ever before, which has had an obvious influence on borrowing strategies.4. Bongo (1977: 360), who was a general secretary at the Ministry of National Education in 1977, gives a figure of 4 500 000, whereas Ngalasso (1986: 12) gives ±3 000000 and indicates that this figure corresponds to the population supposed to live in the area where CilubA is actively spoken.All these figures are just guesses, since they do not include the important LubA communities in Shaba, Kinshasa and elsewhere.Moreover, no statistical surveys have been carried out for several decades.5.
These Cokwe enjoyed such prestige that it became tradition for prospective LuluwA chiefs to travel to Angola to receive recognition mainly in exchange for ivory.Subsequently, many LuluwA chiefs made trade expeditions to Angola.Trade contacts between the Beena-LuluwA, the Cokwe and the Pombeiros (adapted to BimbAdi in CilubA) developed particularly in chief Kalamba Mukenge's time (last quarter of the 19th century).Some LuluwA local markets became important trade centres as long-distance trade was developing.Kalamba Mukenge's village in particular, played a major role in the Luso-African trade in KAsaayl.Angola's influence was so great that the most important post in West-KAsaayl (which was later to become Luluabourg) was caned Malandji (or Malandi), after a location with a similar name in Angola (Malange) (petridis 1997: 42-45).6. Kalanda (1963), Mpoyi (1987), Mukenji Mulenga (1981), Tekemenayi 1993Tekemenayi -1996, unpublished , unpublished letters in CilubA from 1960 to 1995.A more comprehensive corpus is being built up in the Department of African Languages and Cultures of the University of Ghent, using modem computer techniques.This will no doubt be very useful for future lexicographical and other linguistic works.7.
Since no study has as yet been carried out to determine the basic vocabulary in CilubA, I provisionally use this figure which is based on statistics for English (d.e.g.West 1976 or Bertrand and Uvy 1972), just to show that one needs quite a small number of words to communicate.8.
Foreign verbs (from French) are found mostly in intra sentential code-switching.9.
wu or yi are only written when they are syllabic and in some special cases.10.One exception is when n is in initial position.Cf. note 15. 11.Underlined vowels are nasal.12. Counts carried out on a 90-minute ordinary conversation recorded on cassette revealed not only that lal is the most frequent vowel (followed by either lui or Iii according to whether one considers the H or the L as shown in the charts below), but also that there are 62% of H vs. 38% L.
V % Ngo Semzara Kabuta 13.These rules account for the compensatory lengthening triggered by prenasalization and glide fonnation.In these processes, the nasal and the high vowels are devocalized and transfer their morae to the vowel pJaced left and right respectively (Hubbard 1995). (

38.
The Catholic missionaries did not always care about LuM phonology, which resulted in coining queer words such as cyiiItilre (altar), cishiiferi (figure), mompere (father), Krista, nkuTUse (i.e.cross), Petro, Markuse, Milteuse, Yowanese, lzriiel, iirilbe, etc. Protestant missionaries, on the other hand, made a greater effort to adapt their neologisms, e.g.Kilisto, mud mucyiimiikiine (i.e.cross), Peetel6,Maakil,Maatililyo,Yona,IisMeeIii,aaliibil,etc.According to Father Paul Lissens (editor of the Catholic Bible, 1994), the Catholics and the Protestants finally agreed to use a unified vocabulary (oral communication, July 1996).Cf.Tekemenayi 87:8,1994.However, it is difficult to say whether a speaker changes attitudes inside the same conversation when he uses different forms of the same loanword, as often happens.On one of our cassettes, the same speaker uses at very short intervals: mulabii, murilbii and mwena iirilbii (Arab).Mpoyi (1987: 14) claims that mpondii (millet), tumbumba (sorghum), matiibiilii (taro), bllungil byii nsenga (sweet potatoes) and bimenii (yams) were introduced in the Congo by the Bantu around 2000 BC at the same time as agriculture and handicraft.Unfortunately no sources are mentioned.Linguistic evidence shows that these crops seem to have been known to Proto-Bantu speakers.However, peanuts were either known by the same name as some other crop, or were introduced under various names after Bantu had become current, probably by transfer from terms for some local crops (Guthrie 1970: 30-31).Guthrie also shows that sugar-cane was not known to Proto-Bantu speakers, probably being introduced independently to the east at the end of the Bantu dispersion and in more recent times to the west (1970: 31).According to Gregersen (1968Gregersen ( : 3-4, 1977: 149): 149), though, no Proto-Bantu forms are possible for crops which are known to have been introduced no more than 500 years ago, such as maize or peanuts.Available data suggest that a secondary locative np with L only occurs before a noun with a secondary np (which has a H), e.g.: mil.baamlins~ba at my uncles', kil.baaweetil.at my brothers', kil.baab~ndli abroad.Moreover, examples were found only for classes 17 and 18.

-
t stu dy examines loanwords in Ciluba from both a phonological and a b t ct• The pres en A s ra .. .t f view.Two large categories of loanwords can be distinguished: on the one h logical pOUl 0 1II0rp 0 h' h e entirely integrated and on the other hand more recent loanwords which L __ ..I those w Ie ar . .nu'" of np.Such words belong to ~ender 1 14 (see 3.2 and.3.3 2°): The examples below are translated literally in order to illustrate the use of chart 1.The class affixes, which are sometimes modified by some morphonological rule, are given in bold type: mwimpe wa llunga wadbuku.Tree nice of Ilunga is broken.
Complex tones and nasality are always associated with vowel quantity.Furthermore, both nasality and vowel quantity are only possible before a consonant inside a word, which means that they are excluded in word-final position.Exceptions are a few conjunctions, such as 1m /'i!:/ or en /e:/ (yes) and tg (no) and the word mba (or mbuwu ocean).The most used /dl is in complementary distribution with 11/ after Inl and before Ii!.Instead of lui, a glide may be appended.In the second and third examples, lui is inserted after Iv I and If! because the sequences Ivai and Ifal are not 3° Whenever there is a formal resemblance between the first syllable (or article plus first syllable) of a foreign word and a Luba np, the former is adapted to match the shape of a Luba np (d.Chart 1); e.g.ely, 10, b] > Ilu/;[me] > Irnil; eli] > Idi/); [to, t:>] > ltu/; [b] > Ibu/; [by] > Ibi/; [k] > Ikal (examples (ll)(a».When this is not possible, a nas~l prefix is used (examples (ll)(b».In some cases, a foreign initial syllable is felt to be a plural prefix and is subsequently made to alternate with a Luba sin~ar prefix (examples (ll)(c))22.button6° / gl > Ing/ (sometimes Ik/): In a few cases, a voiceless stop will become voiced:There is one known case in which a voiced stop alternates with a voicelesS: (16) salade > (mafuta aa) nsaalata (oil for) salad 2.5.2 Words from French display the following general tonal pattern L ... H, L ... F or L ."FLwhereH or F corresponds to the accented syllable in French.Such pat-ternS increase the number of L nps, as well as the number of stems with L's: The Luba noun has one of the prefixes listed in column 2 of Chart 1.This prefix has a H and is monomoraic.There are very few cases of L nps26.Grouping nouns by genders rather than by Classes will best show us the difference between pure Luba or fully nativized words and partially nativized words.A gender is defined as a morphosyntactic pair of classes whose members, different from 0, generally represent the singular and plural forms respectively27.The involved affixes are the np, npq, 'pp, cc, SCI OC, pel po, ad, ddt and dd2.The np, which can have variants (d.e.g.gender 1/4 in Chart 1, in which class 1 np can be mu-, N or 0) and can even be regarded as a word in classes 16, 17 and 18 and therefore written separately, is not taken into account for the definition of gender.In the pair 0/6, the right member has a collective rather than a plural meaning; in the other pairs containing a 0, the opposition singular/plural is irrelevant.According to the system generally used in Bantu languages, the.number of genders for Ciluba appears to be 21:The prefixes used in (22) are primary nps.In some classes(2, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 and  14)there exists a second set of nps which are phonologically distinct from the pr~ary nps.They precede a full noun, i.e. they are used before another np, which can be 0 in loanwords.A secondary np is always bimoraic (CW) and bears a high H.It is indicated by a + sign after the conventional class number or morpheme.The locative prefix can be secondary, but it remains monomoraic (CV).In this case, it is written separately and can be regarded as a word rather than a morpheme: 305° French phonemes such as lrel, Iyl, Igl and especially Irl are tolerated.):mwimpe (npq: mu-) a nice house saakooshl (np: 0-) mwimpe (npq: mu-) a nice bag Qualificatives are adjectives, past participles and ordinals from 1 to 6: Dlkalu dimpe dyA llunga dyanyangUku.Nendllongblbll!pAMikAdi.Firstly, the Luba infinitive has class 15 np and ends in -a, exceptions being a few defective stems:(29) -di to be, -tu to be often or generally (these verbs do not have class 15 nps) kwanji auxiliary verb meaning "x first" (diachronically: kwanza)Only very few foreign verbs have been fully adapted, such as:Secondly, new genders (or new combinations of classes) are created, as can be seen in Chart 2. The total number of genders is extended from 21 to 28, not counting •the variant forms indicated by a and b.In this chart, the members of each gender have been illustrated with singular and plural examples, although, as has already been said, the opposition singular/plural is not relevant to all genders.It is obvious that an np (column 2) inside a gender can display various phonological shapes (shown with the:letters a and b), whereas the class pair or This gender does not only ~?nta~ kinship terms as traditional grammars claim.20 Gender 1/4 normally contains only nouns with nps N-for both the singular and the plural.All foreign words, which do not naturally have a class prefix, or whose first syllable cannot be interpreted as such, are placed here.
Other'verbs retain their original infinitive form in all tenses.Because they are kept phonologically intact (though they sometimes can be combined with ordinary verbal morphemes), they should perhaps rather be regarded as cases of code-switching, particularly as this principle is applied to any verb: gender remains constant (column 1) no matter the np variants32.The symbol 0 in column 1 means the noun is monoc1ass; in colUmns 2 or 3, it means that there is no np or that the apparent np is not relevant (d.5/4 or 14/4 in Chart 2).The following general observations can be•made: whose concords are exactly the same as those of 1/4.The consequence of this is that class 1 does not contain only human beings with np mu-, but also any noun with prefix N-or 0-(e.g.mwana ildi ilnllya the child is playing; nkwasa ildi pamb~lu the chair is outside; t~l~vizyon ildi pa m~~sll the TV set is on the table).It is rather pair 1/2 which characterizes human beings.Except for mungllngll 1/4 doctor, there seems to be no human beings in 1/4.29.As stated in note 26 (De Clercq and Willems 1%0) gives about 210 nouns with an L np which are not loanwords.Locative nps bear an L in some words and phrases (e.g.kil baa-b~ndll in foreign countries).In the following provem the locative prefix of class 17 has an L: Batu bllllya kil baamwandll / Kablltu bllllya kil baaweeru.One should always be impartial (literally: One goes to the matter / One does not go to the brothers).30.This is different from: bana # bllnllyi > bana bllnllyi the children have played.31.Imperative form of oppas to be Cilreful, to pay attention.Cf.note 21.32.Variants with an L are just shown by an L sign after the slash, in order to save column space.Thus, lu-/' means lu-/lil-.33.These two words qelong to the religious vocabulary which was almost entirely coined by Bishop A. de Clercq at the beginning of this century, using Latin or Greek as source languages.However, although these neologisms have been used in the Catholic Church for almost a century, the Lubll Bible translators (1994) decided to replace most of them by seemingly more adequate Lubll words or phrases which, beside being generally longer, are poly-Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher(dated 2011)http://lexikos.journals.ac.za ~k~leezlyll > cisll cyll Maweeja ~vllnjenyo > mukenji mulenga k~rubin~ > cilobo cyll mu dyulu mpllgano